Patient information
Spinal tumours and metastases
A possible tumour in the spine can be worrying. Finding out what type of tumour is present, where it is and whether it affects spinal stability or nerve function helps the specialist team plan care. Most back pain is not caused by cancer.
Primary tumours and metastases
A primary spinal tumour starts in the spine or nearby tissues. A secondary tumour, or metastasis, is cancer that has spread there from another part of the body. Tumours may affect the spinal bones, the nerves or the spinal cord and its coverings.
Some primary tumours are non-cancerous (benign); others are cancerous (malignant). Even a benign tumour can cause problems by pressing on nerves or the spinal cord. Tumours affecting the spinal bones can also weaken them.
Symptoms to report promptly
Tell a doctor about persistent or worsening back or neck pain, particularly pain that disturbs sleep. If you have cancer, or have had it in the past, contact your treating team or a doctor the same day about new persistent, severe or worsening spinal pain.
New weakness, altered sensation or difficulty walking can indicate pressure on the spinal cord. With known or suspected spinal cancer, these symptoms need emergency assessment. Do not wait for a routine appointment.
How is it investigated?
Assessment includes your symptoms, any cancer history and an examination of nerve function. MRI is commonly used to assess the spinal cord and surrounding tissues. CT can provide further detail about the bones.
Blood tests, other scans or a biopsy may be needed to identify the tumour and guide treatment. The relevant spinal, radiology and cancer specialists work together to interpret the findings and discuss the options with you.
Planning treatment
Treatment depends on the tumour type, its extent, spinal stability, nerve function and your general health. Options can include radiotherapy, medicines directed at the cancer, surgery and support with pain and mobility.
Surgery may remove tumour tissue, relieve pressure on nerves or stabilise weakened bones. It is not suitable for everyone and may be one part of a wider treatment plan. Ask about the aim of treatment, its risks and how it fits with your other care.
When to seek urgent help
Spinal cord compression is an emergency. With known or suspected spinal cancer, new limb weakness, numbness, difficulty walking or bladder or bowel changes need immediate medical assessment. Go to an emergency department; call 111 if you need emergency assistance. Do not wait for a reply to an online consultation request.
Questions to discuss
- What type of tumour is suspected, and are further tests needed?
- Is the spine stable, and are the spinal cord or nerves affected?
- Who is coordinating my care, and who should I contact if symptoms change?
Arrange a consultation
Dr Baecker consults at Domain Orthopaedic Surgeons in Parnell, Auckland. Self-referrals are welcome.